Spanish-American War, 1898

Elements area

Taxonomy

Code

Scope note(s)

    Source note(s)

      Display note(s)

      • In April 1898, the United States declared war on the Kingdom of Spain, seizing in six short months the Spanish colonies in the Philippines, the Pacific, and the Caribbean. Ostensibly the U.S. pursued the war for the sake of "human rights," most notably those of Cubans fighting for independence from Spain, but the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, served as the flashpoint for jingoism and American nationalism among the public. The United States Navy inflicted decisive defeats over the Spanish at Manila Harbor (May 1898) and Santiago de Cuba (July 1898), putting an end to a centuries-old colonial empire that at one point was the strongest in the world. In its place sat the United States, a young country flush with victory and seeking new opportunities for economic and territorial expansion. Despite the rhetorical paeans to human rights and self-determination at the start of the war, the U.S. government took control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, while bringing a nominally independent Cuba firmly into its sphere of influence. American hegemony proved much the same as Spanish, and resistance by leaders like Emilio Aguinaldo in the Philippines quickly emerged. Even though a significant number of Americans opposed this new imperialism--often on racist grounds--the U.S. military crushed any rebellions in the colonies. The war with Spain marked the emergence of the United States as an imperial power on the world stage. The Philippines would remain under U.S. occupation until 1946 (not including the period of Japanese occupation during World War II), while Cuba languished as a semi-colony until the Revolution of 1959. Puerto Rico and Guam remain, over 125 years later, de facto colonies of the United States.

      Hierarchical terms

      Spanish-American War, 1898

        Equivalent terms

        Spanish-American War, 1898

          Associated terms

          Spanish-American War, 1898

            9 Archival description results for Spanish-American War, 1898

            9 results directly related Exclude narrower terms

            The Censor offers as topics for debate: whether the Spanish-American War benefitted the United States, whether to censure the War Department's conduct (presumably during the war), and whether career specialization is better than generalization. Transcription included.

            Schultz, John A. (John Anistaki), 1880-1959

            The Censor lists the following topics for debate: whether the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine justifies war with Spain, whether the U.S. would benefit from national plebiscites, and whether geometry is better than algebra. The second topic has been circled, probably indicating that it was chosen as the topic for debate. Transcription included.

            Hewitt, Charles C. (Charles Conrad), Sr., 1881-1976

            This critic's report is notable for its allusion to Theodore Roosevelt, who at this point would have been elected Vice-President only a few days prior. Evidently some members' "political prejudices," presumably pro-Democrat, meant that Roosevelt was rejected for honorary membership in the Thencanic Society. Transcription included.

            Thencanic Society (Model School (Trenton, N.J.))

            The Thencanic's meeting of April 22 occurred the day after Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States, and between that meeting and the writing of this report, the U.S. declared war on Spain (April 25). So this report emerged from an atmosphere of nationalism, jingoism, and adolescent masculinity, as Ernest Van Dyke's "good and patriotic" oration reveals. Katzenbach also reveals that the Society has inducted Rear Admiral William T. Sampson (soon to direct the U.S. fleet at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba in July) and former U.S. Ambassador to Spain Steward Woodford as honorary members of the Thencanic. Transcription included.

            Katzenbach, Welling S. (Welling Sickle), 1884-1913
            Thencanic Oration on US Future Policy, 14 October 1898 · Item · 1898
            Part of TFPL New Jersey State Normal and Model Schools at Trenton and Successor Institutions Collection

            Content note: This document contains racist and white supremacist language.

            As part of his oration at a meeting of the Thencanic Society, Joseph Bodine prepared these remarks on future U.S. foreign policy. Just months after the end of hostilities between Spain and the United States (and before a peace treaty had been signed!), Bodine takes the "anti-imperialist" tack, although he couches his position in racist and white supremacist ideas about the supposed inability for self-government of the peoples in the U.S.'s new colonies. His perspective aligned with many of the so-called anti-imperialists following the Spanish-American War, in that he opposed U.S. expansion but did so on the grounds that such conquered peoples were unfit to live under the U.S. Constitution. In all, this provides an interesting snapshot of one political stance in the immediate aftermath of the war. Transcription included.

            Bodine, Joseph L. (Joseph Lamb), 1883-1950